How many bits are required to address the bytes in that memory
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A computer uses 32-bit byte addressing. The computer uses paged virtual memory with 4KB pages. Calculate the number of bits in the page number and offset fields of a logical address. Since there are 4K bytes in a cache block, the offset field must contain 12 bits (212 = 4K).
Real mode address space (< 1 MiB). When a typical x86 PC boots it will be in Real Mode, with an active BIOS. Also, every time the BIOS handles an IRQ0 (18 times a second), several bytes in the BDA get overwritten by the BIOS So that memory area is likely to also be unusable until execution has been transferred to a second stage RAM -- free for use (PAE/64bit). More Extended memory 1.